fix: ix/386

2 files changed, 28 insertions, 27 deletions

diff --git a/content/unix-history/03_unix_wars.md b/content/unix-history/03_unix_wars.md
index 0807909..425f9df 100644
--- a/content/unix-history/03_unix_wars.md
+++ b/content/unix-history/03_unix_wars.md
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 +++
 title = "History of Unix part III: Forks and Wars"
 author = ["Michał Sapka"]
-date = 2024-05-29T21:50:00+02:00
+date = 2024-06-08T14:43:00+02:00
 categories = ["unix-history"]
 draft = false
 weight = 2004
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ The first wave of commercial Unixes were mostly ports allowing to run _Unix_ on
 Remember, this was way before X86 destroyed the scene and computers, there were vastly different computer architectures on the market.
 It was no small feat, and this is the hobby of a lot of folks in IT.
 _Doom_ is supposed to be ported to _everything that can compute_.
-The good old IBM PC got _386/IX_ (aka _PC/386_) in 1977.
+The good old IBM PC got _386/IX_ (aka _PC/386_) in 1984[^fn:10].
 Amigas got their _Amiga Unix_ in 1990 developed by _Commodore-Amiga, Inc./_.
 HP's internal line of mainframes were given _HP-UX_ (sometimes called _HP-SUX_) in 1984.
 Most of those don't have any value now, but it's important thread in our story.
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ Xenix, released in 1970 was a fork for IBM/PC (amongst others) released and deve
 Yes, a timeline exists where Windows never became the standard, and instead a MS branded Unix rules the land.
 The first version is said to be very close to _System 7_, but with time more and more changes were applied.
 It was quite the buzz in the buzz, even Intel sold a complete computers with Xenix preinstalled under the name System 86.
-Measured by number of machines on which it was installed, _Xenix_ was the most common _Unix_ variant by the mid-to-late 1980s[^fn:10]
+Measured by number of machines on which it was installed, _Xenix_ was the most common _Unix_ variant by the mid-to-late 1980s[^fn:11]
 Nothing of this mattered in the death march of Windows, and the last version was released in 1991.
 
 {{< image class="centered" alt="Cover of Unix World from 1985 showing Bill Gates with &quot;Bill Gates on the future of Xenix&quot; feature" source="https://computeradsfromthepast.substack.com/p/microsofts-xenix" file="unix-world-xenix.jpg" >}}
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ What an issue that was!
 
 None of the systems developed outside of AT&amp;T could use the name _Unix_, as the it was a trademark.
 The management of AT&amp;T was paying attention and starting to get hungry.
-However, by 1980s, the most popular variant of non-commercial _Unix_ was _BSD[^fn:11]_.
+However, by 1980s, the most popular variant of non-commercial _Unix_ was _BSD[^fn:12]_.
 
 The _Unix_ landscape was like nothing else.
 Despite companies sharing up to 90% of code, all the _Unixes_ were incompatible.
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ This removed the decree from 1956 and AT&amp;T was able to commercialize _Unix_.
 AT&amp;T swiftly introduced the (aforementioned) _Unix System V_ (note the lack of _System IV_).
 You could now buy an AT&amp;T _Unix_ for the low price of $43,000, though it allowed for commercial usage of the source code.
 Of course, add-ons (like networking) were sold separately.
-This product received its own division within AT&amp;T - _AT&amp;T Information Systems_, later _Unix System Laboratories_ or _USL_[^fn:12].
+This product received its own division within AT&amp;T - _AT&amp;T Information Systems_, later _Unix System Laboratories_ or _USL_[^fn:13].
 
 AT&amp;T intended _System V_ to be the standard way to experience _Unix_, but others disagreed.
 The situation on the battlefield was complex, with different players putting their figures all over the place.
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ AT&amp;T had all the money and name to crush anyone but did not support networki
 BSD had a TCP/IP based networking and was popular among st universities.
 
 Vendor were choosing sides - IBM and HP went with _System V_ while others, like Sun choose _BSD_.
-On 27th of March, 1984 AT&amp;T officially enters computer market with their own line of computers from desktops PCs to "super-microcomputers" powered by _Unix_[^fn:12].
+On 27th of March, 1984 AT&amp;T officially enters computer market with their own line of computers from desktops PCs to "super-microcomputers" powered by _Unix_[^fn:13].
 
 {{< image class="centered" alt="An print ad for AT&amp;T Unix PC showing the computer and listing features" source="https://www.thejumpingfrog.com/product/sku/1526351" file="att-unix-pc.jpg" >}}
 Introducing the AT&amp;T Unix PC.
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ The system came with license agreement allowing only for usage in academic insti
 
 By 1980s features of BSD were adopted back in _System V_.
 This, and the license made users and vendors flock towards AT&amp;T, since they had to get a license anyway.
-Even curriculum was changed, since distributed source code of Unix (be it during lectures or in text books) were under AT&amp;T control[^fn:12].
+Even curriculum was changed, since distributed source code of Unix (be it during lectures or in text books) were under AT&amp;T control[^fn:13].
 This made _Lions Commentary on UNIX_ the most photocopied book in academic history.
 Owning Nth generation, barely readable copy gave significant bragging rights[^fn:1].
 
@@ -197,8 +197,8 @@ In 1984 the _Open Group for Unix Systems_ was formed by the likes of Bull, ICL,
 The group was commonly known as _BISON_, from first names of their name.
 Later, the name was changed to _X/Open_.
 
-The group decided to base their standard on _System V_ because they "decided to run the risk of exploitation by AT&amp;T rather than by IBM”[^fn:13].
-The first version of the specification, X/Open Portability Guide Issue 1 was published in 1985 and “covered basic operating system interfaces”[^fn:14].
+The group decided to base their standard on _System V_ because they "decided to run the risk of exploitation by AT&amp;T rather than by IBM”[^fn:14].
+The first version of the specification, X/Open Portability Guide Issue 1 was published in 1985 and “covered basic operating system interfaces”[^fn:15].
 
 The situation was, however, dire.
 In 1985 _MS-DOS_ had 5x the number of applications compared to _Unix_.
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ This lead to the year 1986, and AT&amp;T took a $1.2 billion loss, with half of
 
 In 1987 AT&amp;T and Sun enter an agreement.
 Sun, by that time, was the largest _Unix_ vendor with _SunOS_ based on _BSD 4.2_ and their own line of RISC-based microprocessors - SPARC.
-The official note stated that they are joining forces to "pursue co-development of a standard Unix operating system based on AT&amp;T’s System V, Berkeley’s BSD 4.2, and the graphical capabilities of Sun’s SunOS"[^fn:14].
+The official note stated that they are joining forces to "pursue co-development of a standard Unix operating system based on AT&amp;T’s System V, Berkeley’s BSD 4.2, and the graphical capabilities of Sun’s SunOS"[^fn:15].
 
 The computer world was not happy with those giants creating their own front.
 The fear was that it could lead to a total domination of the market by AT&amp;T OS running on Sun hardware.
@@ -214,30 +214,30 @@ DEC engineer Armando Stettner, said:
 
 > "When Sun and AT&amp;T announced the alliance, we at Digital were concerned that AT&amp;T was no longer the benign, benevolent progenitor of UNIX…Sun was everyone’s most aggressive competitor.
 > We saw Sun’s systems were direct replacements for the VAX.
-> Just think: the alliance combined our most aggressive and innovative competitor with the sole source of the system software — the balance shifted."[^fn:14],&nbsp;[^fn:15]
+> Just think: the alliance combined our most aggressive and innovative competitor with the sole source of the system software — the balance shifted."[^fn:15],&nbsp;[^fn:16]
 
 This lead to the creation of third combined group - in 1988 representatives from Apollo, DEC, Gould Electronics, Hewlett-Packard, Honeywell-Bull, InfoCorp, MIPS, NCR, Silicon Graphics, UniSoft, and Unisys met in DEC's office in Palo Alto.
 Initially the group called themselves _Hamilton Group_ (from Hamilton Avenue, where DEC offices were located).
-Their goal was to get AT&amp;T on board, but it failed.[^fn:14]
-As a reaction, they invited IBM who happily joined and  in May of 1988 they official announced their existence under the name of _Open Software Foundation (OSF)_.[^fn:12]
+Their goal was to get AT&amp;T on board, but it failed.[^fn:15]
+As a reaction, they invited IBM who happily joined and  in May of 1988 they official announced their existence under the name of _Open Software Foundation (OSF)_.[^fn:13]
 They decided not to base their standard on AT&amp;T:
 
-> "Unlike X/Open, OSF planned to produce an operating system that it would license to its members, rather than function only as an advisory body."[^fn:14]
+> "Unlike X/Open, OSF planned to produce an operating system that it would license to its members, rather than function only as an advisory body."[^fn:15]
 
 This had the historic effect of putting rivals, DEC and IBM on the same side.
 DEC co-founder, Ken Olsen never before shared a stage with any IBM executive before.
 Even Ken Thomson while traveling in Australia commented on this to Dennis Ritchie:
 
-> "Just think, IBM and DEC in one room. We did it!"[^fn:12].
+> "Just think, IBM and DEC in one room. We did it!"[^fn:13].
 
 Sun's CEO, Scott McNealy was not as pleased, as he called the OSF the "Oppose Sun Forever".
 The heat lead to AT&amp;T and Sun creating _Unix International_, whose goal was to advise AT&amp;T on _System V_ and promote its development.
-The voting rights were based on, of course, financial contributions[^fn:14].
+The voting rights were based on, of course, financial contributions[^fn:15].
 
 OSF faced internal problems due to consisting parties often competing on the mainframe market.
 This left OSI and UI as the dominant powers in the straggle, and in total they ended with over two hundred members.
 Both also developed and released their own Unixes.
-In November of 1989 AT&amp;T releases a commercial version of _System V Release 5_, and in 1990 the OSF released _OSF/1_ based on IBM's AIX and Carnegie Mellon’s MACH operating systems[^fn:14]
+In November of 1989 AT&amp;T releases a commercial version of _System V Release 5_, and in 1990 the OSF released _OSF/1_ based on IBM's AIX and Carnegie Mellon’s MACH operating systems[^fn:15]
 
 
 ## Enemy mine {#enemy-mine}
@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ This time, however, it was not a fight between _Unix_ vendors.
 This was the first time they had to unite against a common enemy.
 Initially the group consisted of The Santa Cruz Operation, Unix System Laboratories, Univel, Sun, HP, and IBM
 They tasked themselves not with creating of a single unified OS, but rather with survey and document what already was there.
-The result of their work is _Spec 1170_, now known as _Single Unix Specification_.[^fn:14],&nbsp;[^fn:16]
+The result of their work is _Spec 1170_, now known as _Single Unix Specification_.[^fn:15],&nbsp;[^fn:17]
 
 This lead to the last attempt.
 In 1996 OSF and X/Open merged and became _The Open Group_ which exists till today.
@@ -282,10 +282,11 @@ _The Open Group_ develops a very large volume of specifications under the name o
 [^fn:7]: [Unix Support Group](https://gunkies.org/wiki/UNIX_Support_Group) on Gnukies
 [^fn:8]: [MUNIX, A MULTIPROCESSING VERSION OF UNIX](https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/36714194.pdf) by John Alfred Hawley, Naval Postgrade School, June 1975
 [^fn:9]: [AUSAM](https://www.tuhs.org/cgi-bin/utree.pl?file=AUSAM) on The Unix Heritage Society
-[^fn:10]: [Xenix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenix) on Wikipedia
-[^fn:11]: [Unix Wars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_wars) on Wikipedia
-[^fn:12]: [A Chronicle of the Unix Wars](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ffh3DRFzRL0) by Asianometry on Youtube
-[^fn:13]: [UNIX STANDARDS IN THE 1990s](https://websites.umich.edu/~afuah/cases/case12.html) on University of Michigan
-[^fn:14]: [Unix Wars](https://klarasystems.com/articles/unix-wars-the-battle-for-standards/) on Klara Systems
-[^fn:15]: [The Daemon, the GNU and the Penguin](http://www.groklaw.net/article.php?story=20050601125916588) by by Peter H. Salus
-[^fn:16]: [COSE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Open_Software_Environment) on Wikipedia
+[^fn:10]: [IX/386](https://winworldpc.com/product/pc-ix/10) on WinWorld
+[^fn:11]: [Xenix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenix) on Wikipedia
+[^fn:12]: [Unix Wars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_wars) on Wikipedia
+[^fn:13]: [A Chronicle of the Unix Wars](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ffh3DRFzRL0) by Asianometry on Youtube
+[^fn:14]: [UNIX STANDARDS IN THE 1990s](https://websites.umich.edu/~afuah/cases/case12.html) on University of Michigan
+[^fn:15]: [Unix Wars](https://klarasystems.com/articles/unix-wars-the-battle-for-standards/) on Klara Systems
+[^fn:16]: [The Daemon, the GNU and the Penguin](http://www.groklaw.net/article.php?story=20050601125916588) by by Peter H. Salus
+[^fn:17]: [COSE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Open_Software_Environment) on Wikipedia
diff --git a/content/unix-history/_index.md b/content/unix-history/_index.md
index 3b77740..f1850b4 100644
--- a/content/unix-history/_index.md
+++ b/content/unix-history/_index.md
@@ -33,12 +33,12 @@ Dune
 ## Acknowledgements {#acknowledgements}
 
 -   [Jeff](http://wovenmemories.net/), for proofreading Part III
--   [Tomáš](https://www.analognowhere.com/), for providing dedicated artwork
+-   [Karl Pettersson](https://static-dust.klpn.se/), for pointing date error about IX/386 in Part III
 
 
 ## Changes {#changes}
 
--   _2024-05-.._: First release of Part 3
+-   _2024-06-08_: First release of Part 3
 -   _2024-05-30_: Extract into self-contained website
 -   _2024-04-08_: Extract Unix History to dedicated section
 -   _2024-03-16_: First relase of Part 2