feat: tidy up Unix History

1 files changed, 141 insertions, 90 deletions

diff --git a/content-org/unix-history.org b/content-org/unix-history.org
index 1a7240a..1320259 100644
--- a/content-org/unix-history.org
+++ b/content-org/unix-history.org
@@ -9,10 +9,11 @@
 
 * UH                                                          :@unix_history:
 :PROPERTIES:
-:EXPORT_HUGO_CUSTOM_FRONT_MATTER: :image_dir "unix-history" :image_max_width 700
+:EXPORT_HUGO_CUSTOM_FRONT_MATTER+: :image_dir "unix-history" :image_max_width 700
+:EXPORT_HUGO_PAIRED_SHORTCODES: image
 :END:
 ** DONE Unix history                                                   
-CLOSED: [2024-03-09 Sat 21:03]
+CLOSED: [2024-05-30 Sat 21:03]
 :PROPERTIES:
 :EXPORT_FILE_NAME: _index
 :EXPORT_HUGO_PAIRED_SHORTCODES: img-c
@@ -23,10 +24,14 @@ CLOSED: [2024-03-09 Sat 21:03]
 :EXPORT_HUGO_PAIRED_SHORTCODES: img-r menu menu-info
 :END:
 
+To say that the history of Unix is long and convoluted would be a huge understatement.
+It started its life as a gaming OS dressed as typesetting one in a forgotten alley in an research center, but soon became the most important idea in modern computing history.
+No other OS had such broad impact on how we work with computers. And despite that, it's mostly a forgotten name.
+It lives in it's ideas and licenses, but very rarely do we think about running Unix.
 
-To say that the history of Unix is long and convoluted would be a huge understatement. It started i's life as a gaming OS dressed as typesetting one in a forgotten alley in an research center, but soon became the most important idea in modern computing history. No other OS had such broad impact on how we work with computers. And despite that, it's mostly a forgotten name. It lives in it's ideas and licenses, but very rarely do we think about running Unix.
-
-This site is a fanpage, and a love letter to computer history. To the brilliant minds and sneazy lawers. To the original, the followers, and imitators.
+This site is a fang, and a love letter to computer history.
+To the brilliant minds and sleazy lawyers.
+To the original, the followers, and imitators.
 
 *** Table of contents
 
@@ -35,6 +40,20 @@ This site is a fanpage, and a love letter to computer history. To the brilliant
 Dune
 #+end_menu
 
+
+*** Acknowledgements
+
+- [[http://wovenmemories.net/][Jeff]], for proofreading Part III
+- [[https://www.analognowhere.com/][Tomáš]], for providing dedicated artwork
+
+
+*** Changes
+
+- /2024-05-../: First release of Part 3
+- /2024-05-30/: Extract into self-contained website
+- /2024-04-08/: Extract Unix History to dedicated section
+- /2024-03-16/: First relase of Part 2
+- /2024-03-09/: First relase of Part 1
 ** DONE History of Unix part I: Multics                       
 CLOSED: [2024-03-09 Sat 21:03]
 :PROPERTIES:
@@ -44,8 +63,7 @@ CLOSED: [2024-03-09 Sat 21:03]
 :EXPORT_HUGO_CUSTOM_FRONT_MATTER+: :link part-ii-multics
 :EXPORT_HUGO_CUSTOM_FRONT_MATTER+: :aliases '(/bsd/history/01_multics/)
 :EXPORT_HUGO_MENU: :menu unix-history :name "1. Multics"
-:EXPORT_HUGO_PAIRED_SHORTCODES: img-c
-:EXPORT_HUGO_CUSTOM_FRONT_MATTER: :primary_menu "unix-history"
+:EXPORT_HUGO_CUSTOM_FRONT_MATTER+: :primary_menu "unix-history"
 :END:
 
 **** Origins of time-sharing
@@ -60,10 +78,13 @@ Sellers earned a lot from the devices.
 But, naturally, companies making all those investments wanted a nice return.
 This led to the creation of /time-sharing/.
 
-#+attr_shortcode: "ibm-360.jpg" "https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/gadgets/5-reasons-love-mad-mens-new-star-ibm-360-n101716" 
-#+begin_img-c
+#+attr_shortcode: :file ibm-360.jpg
+#+attr_shortcode: :source https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/gadgets/5-reasons-love-mad-mens-new-star-ibm-360-n101716
+#+attr_shortcode: :alt Photo of old computer room full of tape drives. The primary color is red.
+#+attr_shortcode: :class centered
+#+begin_image
 IBM 360 in an official photoshoot.
-#+end_img-c
+#+end_image
 
 This concept seems natural now: multiple processes were able to share computer resources, so multiple applications could run at the same time. 
 Applications could even run for different users. 
@@ -78,10 +99,13 @@ What is multiplexing you ask?
 Simply said, it's a way to combine different signals into a shared medium.
 It was used extensively for land-line telephony, where all signals were transferred over shared wires.
 
-#+attr_shortcode: "edsac.jpg" "https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/analysis/rebuilding-edsac-the-first-real-computer/" 
-#+begin_img-c
+#+attr_shortcode: :file edsac.jpg
+#+attr_shortcode: :source https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/analysis/rebuilding-edsac-the-first-real-computer/
+#+attr_shortcode: :alt Black and white photo of a group of man standing next to a mechanical computer
+#+attr_shortcode: :class centered
+#+begin_image
 EDSAC, the "first computer".
-#+end_img-c
+#+end_image
 
 **** Multics
 
@@ -93,15 +117,21 @@ It was however also huge, both in terms of memory usage (the resident kernel cou
 /Multics/ was experimental and therefore ambitious, complex - designed by trial and error.
 It was delivered late, early on had performance problems, and in 1969 /Bell Labs/ withrew from the project[fn:earlylin].
 
-#+attr_shortcode: "multics-login.png" "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multics#/media/File:Multics-Login.png" 
-#+begin_img-c
+#+attr_shortcode: :file multics-login.png
+#+attr_shortcode: :source https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multics#/media/File:Multics-Login.png
+#+attr_shortcode: :alt Screenshot of SSH connection with big Multics written in ASCII
+#+attr_shortcode: :class centered
+#+begin_image
 Multics login screen.
-#+end_img-c
+#+end_image
 
-#+attr_shortcode: "thompson-ritchie.jpg" "https://computerhistory.org/blog/discovering-dennis-ritchies-lost-dissertation/" 
-#+begin_img-c
+#+attr_shortcode: :file thompson-ritchie.jpg
+#+attr_shortcode: :source https://computerhistory.org/blog/discovering-dennis-ritchies-lost-dissertation/
+#+attr_shortcode: :alt Photo of two white, bearded men. They are both wearing thick glasses. The person on the left is wearing gray-blue polo shirt. The person on the right is wearing a red tshift with big X and Bell Labs Sensitive text in center
+#+attr_shortcode: :class centered
+#+begin_image
 Ken Thompson and Denis Ritchie.
-#+end_img-c
+#+end_image
 
 Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Douglas McIlroy, and Joe Ossanna, frustrated with their experiences with /Multics/ Operating System are starting to work on their own alternative.
 Their work will become one of the most beloved computer products of all time - /UNIX/.
@@ -109,8 +139,7 @@ The team armed with previous experience set up to create simple, manageable OS t
 
 Currently, however, they have problems convincing /Bell Labs/ management to get them a new computer.
 This has not stopped them from designing the system on black blackboards and paper.
-
-
+ 
 ** DONE History of Unix part II: Birth of Unix                
 CLOSED: [2024-03-16 Sat 21:00]
 :PROPERTIES:
@@ -119,9 +148,8 @@ CLOSED: [2024-03-16 Sat 21:00]
 :EXPORT_HUGO_CUSTOM_FRONT_MATTER+: :shortname Part II: Unix
 :EXPORT_HUGO_CUSTOM_FRONT_MATTER+: :link part-ii-unix
 :EXPORT_HUGO_MENU: :menu unix-history :name "2. Birth of Unix" 
-:EXPORT_HUGO_PAIRED_SHORTCODES: img-c
 :EXPORT_HUGO_CUSTOM_FRONT_MATTER+: :aliases '(/bsd/history/02_unix/)
-:EXPORT_HUGO_CUSTOM_FRONT_MATTER: :primary_menu "unix-history"
+:EXPORT_HUGO_CUSTOM_FRONT_MATTER+: :primary_menu "unix-history"
 :END:
 
 **** Bell Labs
@@ -146,7 +174,7 @@ If the user wanted to see what the edited document looked like, the only way to
 Try to print a page every few lines - let alone every character.
 Even the bravest of the brave would not escape the anger of the finance department.
 
-**** Getting a computer
+**** TODO Getting a computer
 
 After this short intermission, let's return to /UNIX/.
 
@@ -161,10 +189,13 @@ And since those costed an arm and a leg, end users were paying for time they use
 A single game of /Space Travel/ could cost Ken USD 50-75[fn:uvlist].
 Luckily, he was able to find a discarded PDP-7 from another department[fn:hiddenunix].
 
-#+attr_shortcode: "space-travel.png" "https://www.uvlist.net/game-164857-Space+Travel" 
-#+begin_img-c
+#+attr_shortcode: :file space-travel.png
+#+attr_shortcode: :source https://www.uvlist.net/game-164857-Space+Travel
+#+attr_shortcode: :alt Photo of black screen with lines representing rudimentay space ship viewscreen
+#+attr_shortcode: :class centered
+#+begin_image
 Space Travel
-#+end_img-c
+#+end_image
 
 What the PDP-7 was, was a refrigerator size 18bit monstrosity[fn:hiddenunix]. 
 It was at the time a 5-year-old and obsolete[fn:earlylin] leftover from an ended research into audio-psychology.
@@ -184,15 +215,21 @@ The biggest benefit however was the popularity of this machine - over the next d
 You can buy a working one from /eBay/ today.
 It won't be easy nor cheap, but definitely possible.
 
-#+attr_shortcode: "pdp-7.jpeg" "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-7#/media/File:Pdp7-oslo-2005.jpeg" 
-#+begin_img-c
+#+attr_shortcode: :file pdp-7.jpeg
+#+attr_shortcode: :source https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-7#/media/File:Pdp7-oslo-2005.jpeg
+#+attr_shortcode: :alt Photo of a big, old computer the size of a wardrobe. The dominating color is teal.
+#+attr_shortcode: :class centered
+#+begin_image
 PDP-7
-#+end_img-c
+#+end_image
 
-#+attr_shortcode: "thompson-ritchie-pdp11.jpg" "https://www.bell-labs.com/institute/blog/invention-unix/" 
-#+begin_img-c
+#+attr_shortcode: :file thompson-ritchie-pdp11.jpg
+#+attr_shortcode: :source https://www.bell-labs.com/institute/blog/invention-unix/
+#+attr_shortcode: :alt Photo of two white men. One is standing over and talking the other. The other is sitting in front of a teletype.
+#+attr_shortcode: :class centered
+#+begin_image
 Ken Thompson and Denis Ritchie working on the legendary PDP-11.
-#+end_img-c
+#+end_image
 
 **** Unix 1
 
@@ -229,10 +266,13 @@ This made it the first portable /UNIX/, as it could be recompiled to any compare
 The system was presented by Ken and Denis during the /4th Symposium on Operating System Principles/ the same year,
 and a year later Ken and Dennis publish the first paper on /UNIX/ - "The UNIX Time-Sharing System" in the /Communications/ journal of ACM.
 
-#+attr_shortcode: "unix-tech-journal.jpg" "https://leancrew.com/all-this/2011/10/dennis-ritchie-unix-and-clarity/" 
-#+begin_img-c
+#+attr_shortcode: :file unix-tech-journal.jpg
+#+attr_shortcode: :source https://leancrew.com/all-this/2011/10/dennis-ritchie-unix-and-clarity/
+#+attr_shortcode: :alt Photo of front and back cover of an orange book with The Unix System written in the center; Above it a text states AT&T Bell Laboratories Technical Jurnal
+#+attr_shortcode: :class centered
+#+begin_image
 Bell System Technical Journal cover.
-#+end_img-c
+#+end_image
 
 The word was out and /UNIX/ became known outside of /Bell Labs/.
 
@@ -263,12 +303,13 @@ CLOSED: [2024-05-29 Wed 21:50]
 :EXPORT_HUGO_CUSTOM_FRONT_MATTER+: :primary_menu "unix-history"
 :END:
 
-This resulted in a very peticular situation.
-Different organizations got into possesion of a /great/ operating system with which they were able to do whatever they pleased.
+
+This resulted in a very particualar situation.
+Different organizations came into possesion of a /great/ operating system with which they were able to do whatever they pleased.
 The original creators, AT&T were unable to sell the software.
-Of course, they wanted to monetize on this opportunitty.
+Of course, they wanted to monetize this opportunity.
 
-This chapter of history is convolutted, so hopefully I won't make any significant errors here.
+This chapter of history is convoluted, so hopefully I won't make any significant errors here.
 Most of this history would be lost to time, if it it wasn't for dedication of dedicated fans.
 Remember, I try to link sources so please go take a visit to /their/ sites and talks.
 But please, go and see Warner Hosh's [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XuzeagzQwRs][talk]] on the early history of UNIX.
@@ -277,9 +318,7 @@ It's a gold mine and guiding light allowing me to write the following chapter.
 
 *** Other Bell Unixes
 
-But the first forks (separately developed versions of /Unix/) came from Bell[fn:hiddenunix].
-
-https://youtu.be/XuzeagzQwRs?si=VJjyR1A_ofZAoguI&t=1610
+The first forks (separately developed versions of /Unix/) came from Bell[fn:hiddenunix].
 
 AT&T was, as we remember, a telephone company.
 Lots of wires coming into centralized buildings, called /switches/.
@@ -287,7 +326,7 @@ The first known fork of /Unix/ was intended to automate switching of connections
 This version of /Unix/ is the earliest known usage of the OS family outside of Bell Labs.
 It was released in 1971 as a fork of 1st or 2nd edition of /Unix/ and was the first known /Unix/ to support inter-process communication and file locking.
 Those advancements were not back ported to mainline /Unix/ until /System V/[fn:cbwiki],[fn:hiddenunix].
-Soon, after it evolved into Columbus Linux (/CB-Unix/), as the /SCCS Unix/ was developed by Bell Division 59473 in Columbus, Ohio.
+Soon, after it evolved into Columbus Unix (/CB-Unix/), as the /SCCS Unix/ was developed by Bell Division 59473 in Columbus, Ohio.
 
 #+attr_shortcode: :file cb-unix-manuals.jpg
 #+attr_shortcode: :source https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CB_UNIX#/media/File:CB_Unix_Manuals.jpg
@@ -297,14 +336,12 @@ Soon, after it evolved into Columbus Linux (/CB-Unix/), as the /SCCS Unix/ was d
 Programmers Manuals for CB Unix
 #+end_image
 
-
-
 In a completely different part of Bell Labs, another project was starting to use /Unix/.
-/Mert/ (Multi-Environment Real-Time) was a fork for use in embedded minicomputers, like PDP-11s[fn:mertwiki].
-Yes, virtualization is not a new idea - it dates back to the 60s where it was developed by IBM.
-And so in 1973 /Unix V4/ was ported to run as a supervisor.
+/Mert/ (Multi-Environment Real-Time[fn:virt]) was a fork for use in embedded minicomputers, like PDP-11s[fn:mertwiki].
+And so in 1973 /Unix V4/ was ported to run as a supervisor on DEC PDP-11 computers, models -11/45 and -11/70 [fn:gnukiesmert].
 It was the first time /Unix/ was run in a virtualized environment[fn:hiddenunix],[fn:mertwiki].
-Thus system evolved into /Unix/RT/ and then /DMERT/
+To achieve this, authors used a new (at the time) idea that we now call microkernel.
+This system evolved later into /Unix/RT/ and then /DMERT/
 
 Yet another version was /PWB/Unix/ which was designed to be used to create software for batch processing.
 This was how processing was done back then - you created your program, submitted it to a mainframe, but with the use of /Unix/ no longer one needed to provide a deck of cards to a operator.
@@ -321,7 +358,7 @@ After another merge, this time with CB-Unix and it became /Unix/TS 4.0/, which h
 The next version after that, /Unix-TS 5.0/, became the /System V/.[fn:hiddenunix],[fn:gnukiesusg].
 
 We're not done yet.
-/UNIX/ has seen it's share of history and we're still in the 70s.
+/UNIX/ has seen its share of history and we're still in the 70s.
 1975 saw the release of MUNUX, most likely as a fork of /UNIX V5/[fn:hiddenunix].
 It was a modification of mono-processing system, UNIX, to multiprocessing utilizing two PDP 11/50[fn:munix].
 Yes, multi processor processing was researched in the 70s.
@@ -338,28 +375,25 @@ We will get back to that, but it is what sounds like: AT&T is earning money from
 The work conducted at Universities of Sydney and New South Wales focused on allowing the system to run with huge number of users[fn:ausantuhs].
 The changes returned to /Unix V7/, but /AUSAM/ was never upgraded to a full 7th ed[fn:hiddenunix]
 
-https://youtu.be/XuzeagzQwRs?si=ZXhDIsNgliZpfml3
-
 In 1975, Ken Thompson took a sabbatical and took a teaching job at Berkeley University, where he helped install Version 6 of /Unix/.
 The OS received quite the attention of students and faculty, resulting in the first version of /BSD Unix/ - /1BSD/.
 The lineage of BSD is extensive (not to mention their descendants are what I use) and will be a subject of the next part of our story.
 For now, remember that /BSD/ exists.
-The name will be all over the place, but proper history of /BSD/ lineage deserves deeper look.
+The name will be all over the place, but proper history of /BSD/ lineage deserves a deeper look.
 
-
-/Unixes/ we got to know here were research projects.
-People tried to understand what can be done with Computer using /Unix/ as the base.
+The /Unixes/ we've talked about here were research projects.
+People tried to understand what can be done with a Computer using /Unix/ as the base.
 But no one was stopping other people from earning money.
 So they did.
 
 The first wave of commercial Unixes were mostly ports allowing to run /Unix/ on wide range of hardware.
-Remember, this was way before X86 desecrated the scene and computers there were vastly different computer architectures on the market.
-It was not small feat, and this is the hobby of a lot of folks in IT.
+Remember, this was way before X86 destroyed the scene and computers, there were vastly different computer architectures on the market.
+It was no small feat, and this is the hobby of a lot of folks in IT.
 /Doom/ is supposed to be ported to /everything that can compute/.
 The good old IBM PC got /386/IX/ (aka /PC/386/) in 1977.
 Amigas got their /Amiga Unix/ in 1990 developed by /Commodore-Amiga, Inc.//.
-HP's internal line of mainframes were given /HP-Unix/ in 1984.
-Most of those don't have any value now, but it's important thread in out story.
+HP's internal line of mainframes were given /HP-UX/ (sometimes called /HP-SUX/) in 1984.
+Most of those don't have any value now, but it's important thread in our story.
 
 *** Solaris
 
@@ -372,10 +406,10 @@ Mind you, it's still developed (in 2023), but people simply don't want to do any
 
 *** Xenix
 
-Some /Unixes/ are remember for very different version.
-Xenix, released in 1970 was a fork for IBM/PC (among st others) released and developed by Microsoft.
+Some /Unixes/ are remembered for very different version.
+Xenix, released in 1970 was a fork for IBM/PC (amongst others) released and developed by Microsoft.
 Yes, a timeline exists where Windows never became the standard, and instead a MS branded Unix rules the land.
-The firt version is said to be very close to /System 7/, but with time more and more changes were applied.
+The first version is said to be very close to /System 7/, but with time more and more changes were applied.
 It was quite the buzz in the buzz, even Intel sold a complete computers with Xenix preinstalled under the name System 86.
 Measured by number of machines on which it was installed, /Xenix/ was the most common /Unix/ variant by the mid-to-late 1980s[fn:wikixenix]
 Nothing of this mattered in the death march of Windows, and the last version was released in 1991.
@@ -399,7 +433,7 @@ Despite companies sharing up to 90% of code, all the /Unixes/ were incompatible.
 Hardware and software vendors were unable to support all of them.
 The was no /Single Unix/, which made it the adoption much slower and painful.
 In 1981 Ma Bell (Mother Bell, a common colloquial name for Bell companies) helped a bit by combining all of Bell's /Unixes/ into a single one - /Unix System 3/.
-It's binaries were sub-licensed for 100USD.
+Its binaries were sub-licensed for 100USD.
 Nothing big enough to trigger legal actions, but /Bell Unix/ became a commercial product.
 
 This could not go like this forever.
@@ -410,7 +444,7 @@ This removed the decree from 1956 and AT&T was able to commercialize /Unix/.
 AT&T swiftly introduced the (aforementioned) /Unix System V/ (note the lack of /System IV/).
 You could now buy an AT&T /Unix/ for the low price of $43,000, though it allowed for commercial usage of the source code.
 Of course, add-ons (like networking) were sold separately.
-This product received it's own division within AT&T - /AT&T Information Systems/, later /Unix System Laboratories/ or /USL/[fn:ytchronicle].
+This product received its own division within AT&T - /AT&T Information Systems/, later /Unix System Laboratories/ or /USL/[fn:ytchronicle].
 
 AT&T intended /System V/ to be the standard way to experience /Unix/, but others disagreed.
 The situation on the battlefield was complex, with different players putting their figures all over the place.
@@ -468,29 +502,42 @@ In 1985 /MS-DOS/ had 5x the number of applications compared to /Unix/.
 This lead to the year 1986, and AT&T took a $1.2 billion loss, with half of that in computer industry.
 
 In 1987 AT&T and Sun enter an agreement.
-Sun, by that time, was the largest /Unix/ vendor with /Solaris/ based on /BSD 4.2/ and their own line of RISC-based microprocessors - SPARC.
-The official note stated that they are joining forces to "pursue co-development of a standard Unix operating system based on AT&T’s System V, Berkeley’s BSD 4.2, and the graphical capabilities of Sun’s Sun-OS"[fn:klara].
+Sun, by that time, was the largest /Unix/ vendor with /SunOS/ based on /BSD 4.2/ and their own line of RISC-based microprocessors - SPARC.
+The official note stated that they are joining forces to "pursue co-development of a standard Unix operating system based on AT&T’s System V, Berkeley’s BSD 4.2, and the graphical capabilities of Sun’s SunOS"[fn:klara].
 
 The computer world was not happy with those giants creating their own front.
 The fear was that it could lead to a total domination of the market by AT&T OS running on Sun hardware.
-DEC engineer Armando Stettner, said: "When Sun and AT&T announced the alliance, we at Digital were concerned that AT&T was no longer the benign, benevolent progenitor of UNIX…Sun was everyone’s most aggressive competitor.
+DEC engineer Armando Stettner, said:
+
+#+begin_quote
+"When Sun and AT&T announced the alliance, we at Digital were concerned that AT&T was no longer the benign, benevolent progenitor of UNIX…Sun was everyone’s most aggressive competitor.
 We saw Sun’s systems were direct replacements for the VAX.
 Just think: the alliance combined our most aggressive and innovative competitor with the sole source of the system software — the balance shifted."[fn:klara], [fn:groklaw]
+#+end_quote
 
 This lead to the creation of third combined group - in 1988 representatives from Apollo, DEC, Gould Electronics, Hewlett-Packard, Honeywell-Bull, InfoCorp, MIPS, NCR, Silicon Graphics, UniSoft, and Unisys met in DEC's office in Palo Alto.
 Initially the group called themselves /Hamilton Group/ (from Hamilton Avenue, where DEC offices were located).
 Their goal was to get AT&T on board, but it failed.[fn:klara]
 As a reaction, they invited IBM who happily joined and  in May of 1988 they official announced their existence under the name of /Open Software Foundation (OSF)/.[fn:ytchronicle]
-They decided not to base their standard on AT&T: "Unlike X/Open, OSF planned to produce an operating system that it would license to its members, rather than function only as an advisory body."[fn:klara]
+They decided not to base their standard on AT&T: 
+
+#+begin_quote
+"Unlike X/Open, OSF planned to produce an operating system that it would license to its members, rather than function only as an advisory body."[fn:klara]
+#+end_quote
 
-This had the historical effect of putting rivals, DEC and IBM on the same side.
+This had the historic effect of putting rivals, DEC and IBM on the same side.
 DEC co-founder, Ken Olsen never before shared a stage with any IBM executive before.
-Even Ken Thomson while traveling in Australia commented on this to Dennis Ritchie: "Just think, IBM and DEC in one room. We did it!"[fn:ytchronicle].
+Even Ken Thomson while traveling in Australia commented on this to Dennis Ritchie:
+
+#+begin_quote
+"Just think, IBM and DEC in one room. We did it!"[fn:ytchronicle].
+#+end_quote
+
 Sun's CEO, Scott McNealy was not as pleased, as he called the OSF the "Oppose Sun Forever".
-The heat lead to AT&T and Sun creating /Unix International/, whose goal was to advice AT&T on /System V/ and promote its development.
+The heat lead to AT&T and Sun creating /Unix International/, whose goal was to advise AT&T on /System V/ and promote its development.
 The voting rights were based on, of course, financial contributions[fn:klara].
 
-OSF faced internal problems due to consisting parties often competing on mainframe market.
+OSF faced internal problems due to consisting parties often competing on the mainframe market.
 This left OSI and UI as the dominant powers in the straggle, and in total they ended with over two hundred members.
 Both also developed and released their own Unixes.
 In November of 1989 AT&T releases a commercial version of /System V Release 5/, and in 1990 the OSF released /OSF/1/ based on IBM's AIX and Carnegie Mellon’s MACH operating systems[fn:klara]
@@ -509,17 +556,17 @@ Firstly, in 1988 the IEEE 1003 was released, /Portable Operating System Interfac
 
 The second was known as /Common Open Software Environment/, the /COSE/.
 It was one more attempt to create an open, unified, standardized /Unix/.
-This time, however, it was not an fight between /Unix/ vendors.
+This time, however, it was not a fight between /Unix/ vendors.
 This was the first time they had to unite against a common enemy.
-Initially the group consisted of The Santa Cruz Operations, Unix System Laboratories, Univel, Sun, HP, and IBM
+Initially the group consisted of The Santa Cruz Operation, Unix System Laboratories, Univel, Sun, HP, and IBM
 They tasked themselves not with creating of a single unified OS, but rather with survey and document what already was there.
 The result of their work is /Spec 1170/, now known as /Single Unix Specification/.[fn:klara], [fn:wikicose]
 
-
 This lead to the last attempt.
 In 1996 OSF and X/Open merged and became /The Open Group/ which exists till today.
-It was however too late for /Unix/ to regain it's dominance.
-The value was lost, the /Unix/ wars saw the raise of Microsoft and a new player - GNU/Linux.
+It was however too late for /Unix/ to regain its dominance.
+The value was lost, the /Unix/ wars saw the rise of Microsoft and a new player - GNU/Linux.
+
 #+attr_shortcode: :file cde.png
 #+attr_shortcode: :source http://sourceforge.net/p/cdesktopenv/wiki/LinuxBuild/
 #+attr_shortcode: :alt Screenshot of an Unix system running Common Desktop Environment
@@ -528,25 +575,28 @@ The value was lost, the /Unix/ wars saw the raise of Microsoft and a new player
 One of the great achievements of The Open Group was Common Desktop Environment
 #+end_image
 
-
 The trademark of /Unix/ resides now with /The Open Group/ which is responsible for certification of products.
+It's quite expensive, so now we have two types of OSes in our lineage: Unix (with certification, like MacOS) and Unix-Like (following all requirements, but not certified - like GNU/Liunux).
+/The Open Group/ develops a very large volume of specifications under the name of /POSIX/ (/The Portable Operating System Interface/).
 
 [fn:hiddenunix] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xuzeagzqwrs][The hidden early history of unix the forgotten history of early unix]]
-[fn:cbwiki] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CB_UNIX
-[fn:mertwiki] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-Environment_Real-Time
-[fn:pbwiki] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PWB/UNIX
-[fn:gnukiesusg] https://gunkies.org/wiki/UNIX_Support_Group
-[fn:munix] https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/36714194.pdf
-[fn:ausantuhs] https://www.tuhs.org/cgi-bin/utree.pl?file=AUSAM
-[fn:wikilist] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Unix_systems
-[fn:wikixenix] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenix
-[fn:wikiunixwars] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_wars
+[fn:cbwiki] [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CB_UNIX][CB Unix]] on Wikipedia
+[fn:mertwiki] [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-Environment_Real-Time][MERT]] on Wikipedia
+[fn:pbwiki] [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PWB/UNIX][PWB/UNIX]] on Wikipedia
+[fn:gnukiesusg] [[https://gunkies.org/wiki/UNIX_Support_Group][Unix Support Group]] on Gnukies
+[fn:munix] [[https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/36714194.pdf][MUNIX, A MULTIPROCESSING VERSION OF UNIX]] by John Alfred Hawley, Naval Postgrade School, June 1975
+[fn:ausantuhs] [[https://www.tuhs.org/cgi-bin/utree.pl?file=AUSAM][AUSAM]] on The Unix Heritage Society
+[fn:wikilist] [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Unix_systems][List of Unix Systems]] on Wikipedia
+[fn:wikixenix] [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenix][Xenix]] on Wikipedia
+[fn:wikiunixwars] [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_wars][Unix Wars]] on Wikipedia
 [fn:ytchronicle] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ffh3DRFzRL0][A Chronicle of the Unix Wars]] by Asianometry on Youtube
 [fn:klara] [[https://klarasystems.com/articles/unix-wars-the-battle-for-standards/][Unix Wars]] on Klara Systems
 [fn:michigan] [[https://websites.umich.edu/~afuah/cases/case12.html][UNIX STANDARDS IN THE 1990s]] on University of Michigan
 [fn:groklaw] [[http://www.groklaw.net/article.php?story=20050601125916588][The Daemon, the GNU and the Penguin]] by by Peter H. Salus
-[fn:wikicose] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Open_Software_Environment
+[fn:wikicose] [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Open_Software_Environment][COSE]] on Wikipedia
 [fn:ytmaddog] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EZMA3Ge144U][Jon "maddog" Hall talks Unix and Linux history]] on Youtube
+[fn:gnukiesmert] [[https://gunkies.org/wiki/MERT_operating_system][MERT]] on Gnukies
+[fn:virt] Yes, virtualization is not a new idea as it dates back to the 60s when IBM designed the System/360 to emulate other devices, like the 1401.
 
 * Other
 https://minnie.tuhs.org/Seminars/AUUG96/pdppaper.html
@@ -555,3 +605,4 @@ http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/interactiveSystems/386ix_version_2.0/386ix_Software
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ffh3DRFzRL0
 https://www.usenix.org/system/files/login/articles/login_apr15_17_salus.pdf
 https://www.catb.org/esr/writings/taoup/html/ch02s01.html
+https://www.levenez.com/unix/